Interactions between folate metabolism-related nutrients and polymorphisms on colorectal cancer risk: a case-control study in the Basque country.

Folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism (FOCM) plays an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Previous studies have assessed the role of folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism (FOCM)-related gene-diet interaction in the aetiology of colorectal cancer (CRC), however, the results remained inconclusive. Thus, this study aimed to investigate dietary factors and genetic variants related to FOCM, as well as potential nutrient-gene and nutrient-lifestyle interactions, on CRC risk. This observational study included 229 patients diagnosed with CRC and 229 age- and sex-matched subjects as controls from a population-based bowel cancer screening program. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for CRC risk. A Bonferroni-corrected threshold of α = 0.005 was considered significant, and P values less than 0.05 were considered to be suggestive of an association. After Bonferroni correction, a high dietary intake of betaine was associated with a decreased risk of CRC in the adjusted model (OR, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.10-0.40, P < 0.001). Two SNPs, rs1476413 and rs17824591, exhibited significant gene-diet interactions with total choline ad vitamin B12 intakes, respectively, in adjusted models (total choline, tertile 3 vs. 1, OR, 95% CI: 0.25, 0.11-0.66, Pinteraction = 0.012; vitamin B12, tertile 2 vs. tertile 1, OR, 95% CI: 2.48, 1.04-5.00, Pinteraction = 0.003). These findings suggest that betaine intake and interactions between some dietary factors and variants in MTHFR and MTHFD1 genes have an influence on CRC risk in the population studied. If these results are confirmed, specific nutritional intervention strategies could be designed.

Association between nutrient intake related to the one-carbon metabolism and colorectal cancer risk: a case-control study in the Basque Country.

PURPOSE: Epidemiologic evidence for the association between methyl-donor nutrient intake and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk remains inconclusive. We aimed to examine the relationship between intake of vitamins of the B group, methionine, total choline and betaine and CRC risk, in a population from the CRC screening programme in the Basque Country. DESIGN: This observational study included 308 patients with CRC and 308 age- and sex-matched subjects as controls. During recruitment, dietary, anthropometric, lifestyle, socioeconomic, demographic, and health status information was collected. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) for CRC risk. RESULTS: The adjusted ORs for CRC risk decreased with higher intakes of choline and betaine (p < 0.05). After further adjustment for folate, high intake of choline and betaine remained associated with a reduced CRC risk (adjusted model for choline, OR third tertile vs first tertile = 0.45, 95% CI 0.26-0.80, p = 0.006; for betaine, OR third tertile vs first tertile = 0.27, 95% CI 0.16-0.47, p < 0.001). Regarding the other nutrients, our findings indicated a non-significant decrease in CRC risk with the high level of intake. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that choline and betaine intake influence CRC risk in the studied population.

Role of Dairy Foods, Fish, White Meat, and Eggs in the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies in 2018-2022.

There is limited evidence to support the relationship between the consumption of animal-source foods other than red meat and processed meat and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. We aimed to examine the recent available evidence from observational studies about the association between these food groups' intake and CRC risk. For this systematic review, we searched the PubMed database for the last five years. A total of fourteen cohort studies and seven case−control studies comprising a total of >60,000 cases were included. The studies showed a consistent significant decrease in CRC risk, overall and by subsites, associated with a high consumption of total dairy products. Less strong effects associated with the consumption of any subtype of dairy product were observed. Fish consumption, overall and by subtypes (oily or non-oily and fresh or canned), showed a mild inverse association with CRC risk. The association between white meat and egg intake and CRC risk was low and based on a small number of studies; thus, these findings should be interpreted with caution. In conclusion, a high consumption of total dairy products was associated with a lower CRC risk. However, evidence for fish, white meat, and eggs and the CRC risk were not as strong.

Gene-Diet Interactions in Colorectal Cancer: Survey Design, Instruments, Participants and Descriptive Data of a Case-Control Study in the Basque Country.

Epidemiologic studies have revealed inconsistent evidence of gene-diet interaction in relation to colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to analyze them in a sample of cases and controls from the population-based bowel cancer screening program of the Osakidetza/Basque Health Service. This study analyzed dietetic, genetic, demographic, socioeconomic factors and lifestyles. In the present manuscript, the survey design, sampling, instruments, measurements and related quality management were presented. Moreover, we analyze differences between cases and controls in some data, especially those related to diet. The participants were 308 cases and 308 age- and sex-matched subjects as controls. Cases were more likely than controls to have overweight/obesity (67.5% vs. 58.1%, p < 0.05), a lower intake of vitamin B2 (0.86 ± 0.23 vs. 0.92 ± 0.23 mg/1000 kcal, p < 0.01) and calcium:phosphorus ratio (0.62 ± 0.12 vs. 0.65 ± 0.13, p < 0.01). A higher proportion of cases than controls did not meet the Nutritional Objectives for saturated fatty acids (85.7% vs. 67.5%, p < 0.001) or cholesterol (35.4% vs. 25.0%, p < 0.01). In conclusion, the present study provides valuable data for analyzing the complexity of gene-diet interaction in relation to CRC. The results presented here suggest that overweight/obesity and a high intake of certain dietary components, especially saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, are more frequent in cases than in controls.

Food groups, diet quality and colorectal cancer risk in the Basque Country.

BACKGROUND: The results obtained to date concerning food groups, diet quality and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk vary according to criteria used and the study populations. AIM: To study the relationships between food groups, diet quality and CRC risk, in an adult population of the Basque Country (North of Spain). METHODS: This observational study included 308 patients diagnosed with CRC and 308 age- and sex-matched subjects as controls. During recruitment, dietary, anthropometric, lifestyle, socioeconomic, demographic and health status information was collected. Adherence to the dietary recommendations was evaluated utilizing the Healthy Eating Index for the Spanish Diet and the MedDietScore. Conditional logistic regressions were used to evaluate the associations of food group intakes, diet quality scores, categorized in tertiles, with CRC risk. RESULTS: The adjusted models for potential confounding factors showed a direct association between milk and dairy products consumption, in particular high-fat cheeses [odds ratio (OR) third tertile vs first tertile = 1.87, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.11-3.16], and CRC risk. While the consumption of fiber-containing foods, especially whole grains (OR third tertile vs first tertile = 0.62, 95%CI: 0.39-0.98), and fatty fish (OR third tertile vs first tertile = 0.53, 95%CI: 0.27-0.99) was associated with a lower risk for CRC. Moreover, higher MD adherence was associated with a reduced CRC risk in adjusted models (OR third tertile vs first tertile = 0.40, 95%CI: 0.20-0.80). CONCLUSION: Direct associations were found for high-fat cheese, whereas an inverse relation was reported for fiber-containing foods and fatty fish, as well as adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with susceptibility for development of colorectal cancer: Case-control study in a Basque population.

Given the significant population diversity in genetic variation, we aimed to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously identified in studies of colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility were also relevant to the population of the Basque Country (North of Spain). We genotyped 230 CRC cases and 230 healthy controls for 48 previously reported CRC-susceptibility SNPs. Only the rs6687758 in DUPS10 exhibited a statistically significant association with CRC risk based on the crude analysis. The rs6687758 AG genotype conferred about 2.13-fold increased risk for CRC compared to the AA genotype. Moreover, we found significant associations in cases between smoking status, physical activity, and the rs6687758 SNP. The results of a Genetic Risk Score (GRS) showed that the risk alleles were more frequent in cases than controls and the score was associated with CRC in crude analysis. In conclusion, we have confirmed a CRC susceptibility locus and the existence of associations between modifiable factors and the rs6687758 SNP; moreover, the GRS was associated with CRC. However, further experimental validations are needed to establish the role of this SNP, the function of the gene identified, as well as the contribution of the interaction between environmental factors and this locusto the risk of CRC.

Nutritional Adequacy and Diet Quality in Colorectal Cancer Patients Postsurgery: A Pilot Study.

Recent evidence has shown that an unhealthy diet is associated with a higher risk of tumor recurrence, metastasis, and death among patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). The aims of this study were to assess nutritional adequacy and diet quality in a group of CRC patients postsurgery and to identify possible associations between dietary and nutritional aspects and environmental factors and weight status. This was an observational study conducted on a random sample of 74 patients, aged 50-69 years. Dietary intake was evaluated utilizing a validated frequency questionnaire, and diet quality was evaluated utilizing the Healthy Eating Index for Spanish Diet and the MedDietScore. Data regarding socioeconomic, demographic, lifestyles, dietary supplements use, and body mass index were collected. Subjects followed a diet characterized by a low carbohydrate intake (94% of the cases), excessive protein (48%), high fat intake (67%), and some micronutrient deficiencies. The inadequacy of some nutrients was associated with male gender, overweight/obesity, smoking, and low educational level; and low adherence to the MedDiet was identified in those with a low educational level (adjusted odds ratio = 4.16, P < 0.05). Therefore, such patients should be an important target group when applying educational programs and giving individualized nutritional advice to improve their quality of life.

[Relationship between the ratio of fish to meat consumption and diet adequacy in university young women]. / Relación entre el índice de consumo de pescado y carne y la adecuación y calidad de la dieta en mujeres jóvenes universitarias.

INTRODUCTION: In Western populations fish consumption is lower than meat consumption and this fact can influence on the total diet quality. OBJECTIVE: Verify if the relationship between the ratio of fish to meat consumption and diet adequacy and quality in a group of women university students. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: 47 women of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) took part in this study; the mean age was 19.6+/-1.2 years. Dietary intake was evaluated with a food frequency questionnaire validated. From quantitative data on food, energy and nutrients intake were estimated by CESNID software. Two diet quality indices were also calculated: the ratio of fish to meat consumption and the Healthy Eating Index for Spanish diet (HEISD). Statistical analyses were carried out using the SPSS 21.0 software package. RESULTS: The ratio of fish to meat was 0.4 and the majority of the participants (91.5%) eaten more meat than fish. The university students with a high intake of fish were eating more fruit and less sweets. The ratio fish/ meat was associated positively with the scores of some components of the HEISD and with the intake of some nutrients: proteins, niacin, potassium, iron, zinc, vitamin D, E, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, vitamin B12 and C. CONCLUSION: A higher consumption of fish than meat was associated with a better dietary profile in the consumption of some foods and nutrients, in the sample studied.

Introducción: En las poblaciones occidentales el consumo de pescado es menor que el de carnes y esto puede influir en la calidad de la dieta total. Objetivo: Comprobar si la relación entre el consumo de pescado y carne está vinculada con la adecuación y calidad de la dieta en un grupo de mujeres universitarias. Participantes y métodos: En este estudio participaron un total de 47 mujeres de la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) con una edad media fue de 19,6+/-1,2 años. La ingesta dietética se evaluó con un cuestionario de frecuencias de consumo validado. A partir de los datos cuantitativos de consumo se calculó la ingesta de energía y nutrientes, utilizando el programa CESNID. Se estimaron dos índices de calidad de la dieta: el índice pescado/ carne y el Índice de Alimentación Saludable para población española (IASE). El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS versión 21.0. Resultados: El índice pescado/carne fue de 0,4 y la mayoría de las participantes (91,5%) consumían más carnes que pescado. Las universitarias que tenían mayores ingestas de pescado consumían más fruta y menos dulces. El índice pescado/carne se asoció positivamente con mayores puntuaciones en muchos de los componentes del IASE y con mayor adecuación en la ingesta de algunos nutrientes: proteínas, niacina, potasio, hierro, zinc, vitamina D, E, tiamina, riboflavina, piridoxina, vitamina B12 y C. Conclusión: Un mayor consumo de pescado que de carne está relacionado con un mejor perfil dietético en el consumo de ciertos alimentos y nutrientes, en la muestra estudiada.

Relación entre el índice de consumo de pescado y carne y la adecuación y calidad de la dieta en mujeres jóvenes universitarias / Relationship between the ratio of fish to meat consumption and diet adequacy and quality in university young women

Introducción: En las poblaciones occidentales el consumo de pescado es menor que el de carnes y esto puede influir en la calidad de la dieta total. Objetivo: Comprobar si la relación entre el consumo de pescado y carne está vinculada con la adecuación y calidad de la dieta en un grupo de mujeres universitarias. Participantes y métodos: En este estudio participaron un total de 47 mujeres de la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) con una edad media fue de 19,6+/-1,2 años. La ingesta dietética se evaluó con un cuestionario de frecuencias de consumo validado. A partir de los datos cuantitativos de consumo se calculó la ingesta de energía y nutrientes, utilizando el programa CESNID. Se estimaron dos índices de calidad de la dieta: el índice pescado/ carne y el Índice de Alimentación Saludable para población española (IASE). El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS versión 21.0. Resultados: El índice pescado/carne fue de 0,4 y la mayoría de las participantes (91,5%) consumían más carnes que pescado. Las universitarias que tenían mayores ingestas de pescado consumían más fruta y menos dulces. El índice pescado/carne se asoció positivamente con mayores puntuaciones en muchos de los componentes del IASE y con mayor adecuación en la ingesta de algunos nutrientes: proteínas, niacina, potasio, hierro, zinc, vitamina D, E, tiamina, riboflavina, piridoxina, vitamina B12 y C. Conclusión: Un mayor consumo de pescado que de carne está relacionado con un mejor perfil dietético en el consumo de ciertos alimentos y nutrientes, en la muestra estudiada (AU)

Introduction: In Western populations fish consumption is lower than meat consumption and this fact can influence on the total diet quality. Objective: Verify if the relationship between the ratio of fish to meat consumption and diet adequacy and quality in a group of women university students. Participants and methods: 47 women of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) took part in this study; the mean age was 19.6+/-1.2 years. Dietary intake was evaluated with a food frequency questionnaire validated. From quantitative data on food, energy and nutrients intake were estimated by CESNID software. Two diet quality indices were also calculated: the ratio of fish to meat consumption and the Healthy Eating Index for Spanish diet (HEISD). Statistical analyses were carried out using the SPSS 21.0 software package. Results: The ratio of fish to meat was 0.4 and the majority of the participants (91.5%) eaten more meat than fish. The university students with a high intake of fish were eating more fruit and less sweets. The ratio fish/ meat was associated positively with the scores of some components of the HEISD and with the intake of some nutrients: proteins, niacin, potassium, iron, zinc, vitamin D, E, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, vitamin B12 and C. Conclusion: A higher consumption of fish than meat was associated with a better dietary profile in the consumption of some foods and nutrients, in the sample studied (AU)

Cheese consumption and prevalence of overweight and obesity in a Basque adult population: a cross-sectional study.

Studies have reported a negative association between dairy product consumption and weight status. However, not as much research has focused on cheese; therefore, the aim of this study was to study the association between cheese intake and overweight and obesity in a representative Basque adult population. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was obtained from a random sample of 1081 adults (530 males and 551 females, 17-96 years old). Cheese consumption data were expressed as g/1000 kcal/day. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher in men (55.1%) than in women (35.4%) (p < 0.001). Participants with low or moderate intake of fresh and processed cheese demonstrated a higher prevalence of excess weight, compared with those with higher consumption. The confounding variables selected in multivariate analysis were: occupational status and age in both genders; and place of residence in men. In conclusion, negative associations were found between consumption of some types of cheese and overweight and obesity in this population.